· It is important for a relationship to develop between the interviewer and the client. Without engagement, ________ may not develop. This is often the ______ step in the helping process.
· The concept of problem-solving has been strongly influenced by the medical model, also described as a practice model of _________ and treatment, which greatly reduced the incidence of certain diseases.
· A paradigm is described as an overarching model; this guides _______, research and professional practice in the field.
· The medical model has lead to the development of _________ and classification of problems in the helping profession.
· Commonality One: A problem-solving _________ – helpers work from a structure that follows certain basic steps, including the idea that before a client can be helped, the practitioner has to figure out what the client has; there must be a diagnosis before there can be ___________. This includes the assumption that the client’s problem and whatever caused the problem are _________ real, having an existence separate from the individual, and there is a direct relationship between the two.
· Commonality Two: Reliance on Scientific Expertise - in this approach it is important for the professional to have __________________ knowledge that will help the professional apply specific techniques to address specific problems.
· The problem-solving approach often requires that the client spend significant time describing the who, what, when, where and why of their problems in order to develop the best solutions; this results in the client and practitioner primarily focusing on ___________.
· Concerns about the Problem-Solving Paradigm:
o Client Problems are Not Puzzles – Client difficulties generally do not hold similarities to_________, which often have one recommended treatment.
o Client problems generally have multiple dimensions and the appropriate solution may depend on __________ thinking, that is, the ability to examine possibilities from multiple perspectives.
· Focusing on Empowerment and Client Strengths
o The mission of the helping professions is to empower clients to live more productive and satisfying lives; it has been suggested that focusing on _________ of problems or pathology, clients may become discouraged and feel they are _________ of some illness or disease, while empowering people helps them discover the considerable power within themselves; this is called the strengths perspective.
o The strength’s perspective has five basic assumptions:
1. Despite what happens in their lives, people have strengths that can be gathered to improve the quality of their lives. These strengths, and the _________ in which clients want to apply them, should be respected by helpers.
2. Consistent emphasis on strengths increases client __________.
3. Cooperative exploration between client and helpers is required; the helper is not the ________.
4. Practitioners are less likely to _______ or blame clients when they focus on strengths, particularly when looking at what clients have done to survive.
5. Even the most bleak environments contain ________.
o The solution-building approach fosters empowerment by working within the clients’ frames of __________.
· _______________ pioneered the solution-building approach.
· There is a belief that observation and reflection on the process of solution building will provide more data about it’s effectiveness than traditional ___________ research.
· The founders of solution-building approaches have worked ___________, through observation and through setting aside preconceived notions about the nature of client’s problems.
· Shazer discovered the efficacy of this approach when he asked a family with multiple concerns to focus on “what is happening in your life that you want to continue to have happen,” and the family demonstrated dramatic _____________ in their situation.
Answer the questions below:
True or False
1.The students who interviewed Rosie asked her many questions, seemingly believing that they needed more information about her and her situation before they could help her.
2.The traditional view of helping clients involves asking them questions about the nature of their problems and the possible causes of those problems.
3.The medical model is a way of helping people with physical ailments which is based on diagnosis and treatment.
4.The medical model fostered the belief that problem and solution do not have to be connected.
5.The belief in the helping professions in the importance of scientific expertise for solving client problems is, in large part, traceable to the influence of the medical model.
6.Julian Rappaport emphasizes that the client problems which helping professionals address are best conceptualized as "puzzles"--much like the "puzzles" of nature which natural scientists attempt to solve.
7."Divergent thinking" gives as much weight to the perceptions of clients as to the expertise of the practitioner.
8.Solution-focused procedures were more inductively developed by observing what seemed to be helpful as clients and practitioners worked together, as opposed to deducing them from existing theory.
9.Solution-focused interviewing assumes implicitly that there is a necessary connection between problems and solutions.
Multiple Choice
1.Which type of questions did the students not ask Rosie?
a.Questions about her mistakes
b.Questions about solutions
c.Questions about times which go better for her
d.Questions about her problems
2.Which is not a stage of problem solving?
a.Description of the problem(s) and data collection
b.Exploration of the client’s feelings
c.Problem assessment
d.Intervention
3. is an overarching model which guides theory, research, and professional practice in a field.
a.The strengths perspective
b.The medical model
c.A prototype
d.A paradigm
4.The strengths perspective of practice:
a.emphasizes uncovering the underlying causes of problems.
b.regularly uses categories of psychological dysfunction in the helping process.
c.focuses on discovering how clients have managed to survive in their circumstances.
d.relies mainly on scientific expertise to solve client problems.
5.Which is not an assumption of the strengths perspective?
a.Clients should have the last word on what they need in their lives.
b.Discovering client strengths requires a process of cooperative exploration between client and practitioner.
c.Client motivation is fostered through a process of consistent and thorough examination of client problems throughout the helping relationship.
d.Focusing on client strengths blocks the tendency for practitioners to blame clients for their difficulties.
Essay
1.What is the medical model of practice? Describe how it has influenced how we go about working with clients in the helping professions.